Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Electrolyte management (particularly potassium). These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 1: A 17-year-old male presents to your office complaining of polyuria, polydipsia, and unintentional weight loss of 12 pounds over the past 3 months. On physical examination, the patient is tachypneic with labored breathing. Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities would you most likely observe in this patient?
- A. Hypophosphatemia
- B. Hypermagnesemia
- C. Hyperkalemia
- D. Hyponatremia (Correct Answer)
- E. Hyperphosphatemia
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Hyponatremia***
- This patient's symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss, along with **tachypnea and labored breathing**, are highly suggestive of **diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)**.
- **Hyponatremia** is the **most consistently observed** electrolyte abnormality in DKA, present in nearly all cases at initial presentation.
- This is typically **pseudohyponatremia** caused by the osmotic effect of severe hyperglycemia—glucose pulls water into the extracellular space, diluting the measured sodium concentration.
- The **corrected sodium** can be calculated using: Corrected Na = Measured Na + 0.016 × (Glucose - 100), which typically reveals a more normal sodium level.
- True hyponatremia from sodium loss via **osmotic diuresis** can also occur but is usually masked by the dilutional effect.
*Hyperkalemia*
- While serum potassium may appear normal or even elevated initially due to **transcellular shifts** (acidosis causes potassium to move from intracellular to extracellular space in exchange for hydrogen ions), this is not the most consistently observed abnormality.
- **Total body potassium is always depleted** in DKA due to osmotic diuresis and vomiting.
- Many patients present with normal or even low potassium levels despite acidosis.
- Potassium levels require careful monitoring during treatment as insulin therapy drives potassium back into cells, potentially causing life-threatening hypokalemia.
*Hypophosphatemia*
- While **phosphate levels** can fluctuate in DKA due to osmotic diuresis, initial presentation often involves normal or even elevated phosphate levels due to cellular shifts.
- Significant **hypophosphatemia** is more typically observed during treatment as insulin drives phosphate back into the cells, similar to potassium.
*Hypermagnesemia*
- **Hypermagnesemia** is uncommon in DKA and is usually associated with impaired renal excretion or excessive magnesium intake.
- The symptoms described do not point towards magnesium imbalance.
*Hyperphosphatemia*
- Although cellular shifts can initially raise serum phosphate, sustained **hyperphosphatemia** is not a characteristic or common electrolyte abnormality seen in the acute presentation of DKA.
- More typically, total body phosphate is depleted due to **osmotic diuresis**.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 2: A 16-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for evaluation of acute vomiting and abdominal pain. Onset was roughly 3 hours ago while she was sleeping. She has no known past medical history. Her family history is positive for hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus in her maternal grandmother. On examination, she is found to have fruity breath and poor skin turgor. She appears fatigued and her consciousness is slightly altered. Laboratory results show a blood glucose level of 691 mg/dL, sodium of 125 mg/dL, and elevated serum ketones. Of the following, which is the next best step in patient management?
- A. Administer IV fluids and insulin (Correct Answer)
- B. Initiate basal-bolus insulin regimen
- C. Initiate insulin glargine 10 units at bedtime only
- D. Initiate oral antidiabetic medications
- E. Initiate insulin aspart at mealtimes only
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Administer IV fluids and insulin***
- The patient presents with **fruity breath**, **altered consciousness**, **hyperglycemia (691 mg/dL)**, **hyponatremia**, and **elevated serum ketones**, which are classic signs of **diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)**.
- The immediate management for DKA involves aggressive **intravenous fluid resuscitation** to correct dehydration and hypovolemia, followed by a continuous **intravenous insulin infusion** to lower blood glucose and suppress ketogenesis.
*Initiate basal-bolus insulin regimen*
- A **basal-bolus insulin regimen** is appropriate for long-term management of diabetes but is not the immediate treatment for acute DKA, which requires continuous intravenous insulin.
- This approach does not address the severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances seen in DKA, which need urgent fluid replacement.
*Initiate insulin glargine 10 units at bedtime only*
- **Insulin glargine** is a long-acting insulin used for basal insulin coverage, typically in the chronic management of diabetes.
- This dose is insufficient to manage acute DKA, and it also fails to address the critical need for fluid resuscitation.
*Initiate oral antidiabetic medications*
- **Oral antidiabetic medications** are suitable for individuals with type 2 diabetes or milder forms of insulin resistance, not for acute DKA.
- They are ineffective in severe hyperglycemia and metabolic acidosis characteristic of DKA, and do not address dehydration.
*Initiate insulin aspart at mealtimes only*
- **Insulin aspart** is a rapid-acting insulin used to cover mealtime glucose excursions.
- Administering it only at mealtimes is inadequate for acute DKA, which requires continuous insulin infusion and aggressive fluid management.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 3: An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with severe dyspnea, fatigue, and vomiting. His mother reports that he has been lethargic for the last several days with an increase in urine output. She thinks he may even be losing weight, despite eating and drinking more than normal for the last couple weeks. Laboratory results are notable for glucose of 440, potassium of 5.8, pH of 7.14 and HCO3 of 17. After administrating IV fluids and insulin, which of the following would you expect?
- A. Increase in anion gap
- B. Increase in serum glucose
- C. Decrease in serum potassium (Correct Answer)
- D. Decrease in pH
- E. Decrease in serum bicarbonate
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Decrease in serum potassium***
- **Insulin therapy** drives **potassium** into cells, as it stimulates the **Na+/K+ ATPase pump**, leading to a decrease in serum potassium levels.
- The initial **hyperkalemia** (potassium 5.8) is due to extracellular fluid shifts and acidosis, which will correct as **DKA** resolves with treatment.
*Increase in anion gap*
- The presented patient has **diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)**, which is characterized by a **high anion gap metabolic acidosis** (evidenced by low pH and bicarbonate).
- Treatment with **IV fluids and insulin** aims to resolve the ketoacidosis, which would consequently lead to a **decrease** in the **anion gap**, not an increase.
*Increase in serum glucose*
- The primary goal of **IV fluids and insulin** in **DKA** is to lower the critically high **serum glucose** levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells and inhibiting hepatic glucose production.
- Therefore, one would expect a **decrease** in serum glucose, not an increase, as treatment progresses.
*Decrease in pH*
- The patient's initial pH of 7.14 indicates **acidosis**, a hallmark of **DKA**.
- **Insulin therapy** and **fluid resuscitation** will resolve the ketoacidosis, leading to an **increase** in **pH** towards normal, not a further decrease.
*Decrease in serum bicarbonate*
- The patient already presents with **decreased serum bicarbonate** (17 mEq/L), which is consistent with **metabolic acidosis** due to DKA.
- Treatment with **fluids and insulin** will correct the acidosis by reducing ketone production, leading to an **increase** in **serum bicarbonate**, not a further decrease.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 4: A 20-year-old male is brought by ambulance to the emergency room in extremis. He is minimally conscious, hypotensive, and tachypneic, and his breath gives off a "fruity" odor. An arterial blood gas and metabolic panel show anion gap metabolic acidosis. This patient is most likely deficient in which of the following metabolic actions?
- A. Glucagon production
- B. Cortisol secretion
- C. Formation of ketone bodies
- D. Glucose production
- E. Cellular uptake of glucose (Correct Answer)
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Cellular uptake of glucose***
- The patient's symptoms, including **fruity odor breath**, **anion gap metabolic acidosis**, and being found in extremis, are classic signs of **diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)**.
- DKA results from a profound lack of **insulin**, which is essential for cells (especially muscle and adipose tissue) to take up glucose from the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia and a shift to fat metabolism.
*Glucagon production*
- **Glucagon** is a counter-regulatory hormone that *raises* blood glucose levels, and its production is often *increased* in DKA as the body attempts to provide fuel to cells in the absence of insulin's effect.
- A deficiency in glucagon production would more likely lead to **hypoglycemia**, not the profound hyperglycemia seen in DKA.
*Cortisol secretion*
- **Cortisol** is another counter-regulatory hormone that *increases* blood glucose, and its secretion is typically *elevated* in stress states like DKA.
- A deficiency in cortisol (e.g., in adrenal insufficiency) would present with different symptoms such as **hypoglycemia**, **hyponatremia**, and **hyperkalemia**, without the classic DKA picture.
*Formation of ketone bodies*
- The patient's **fruity odor breath** and **anion gap metabolic acidosis** are direct consequences of the *overproduction* of **ketone bodies**.
- This overproduction occurs when the body, lacking glucose for fuel due to insulin deficiency, switches to **fat metabolism**, leading to excessive formation of acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.
*Glucose production*
- **Glucose production** (gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis) is typically *increased* in DKA as the liver tries to supply glucose to the body due to perceived cellular starvation (despite high blood glucose).
- A deficiency in glucose production, such as in certain glycogen storage diseases or severe liver failure, would lead to **hypoglycemia**, not the hyperglycemia characteristic of DKA.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 5: A 48-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with sepsis and treated with gentamicin. One week after her admission, she develops oliguria and her urine shows muddy brown casts on light microscopy. Days later, her renal function begins to recover, but she complains of weakness and develops U waves on EKG as shown in Image A. Which laboratory abnormality would you most expect to see in this patient?
- A. Hypermagnesemia
- B. Hypocalcemia
- C. Hypokalemia (Correct Answer)
- D. Hypoglycemia
- E. Hyponatremia
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Hypokalemia***
- The presence of **U waves on EKG** is a classic sign of **hypokalemia**, often accompanied by muscle weakness.
- The patient initially experienced **acute tubular necrosis (ATN)** from gentamicin (evidenced by oliguria and muddy brown casts).
- During the **recovery/polyuric phase of ATN**, significant potassium is lost in the urine, making **hypokalemia** a well-recognized complication.
- The combination of weakness and U waves on EKG confirms hypokalemia in this clinical context.
*Hypermagnesemia*
- **Hypermagnesemia** typically causes severe muscle weakness, drowsiness, and respiratory depression, but it does not cause U waves on EKG.
- EKG changes associated with hypermagnesemia include **prolonged PR, QRS, and QT intervals**, and ultimately **asystole**.
*Hypocalcemia*
- **Hypocalcemia** can cause muscle cramps, spasms, and tetany, but the classical EKG finding is **QT prolongation**, not U waves.
- While renal failure can lead to hypocalcemia, the presenting EKG changes and symptoms are not consistent with primary hypocalcemia.
*Hypoglycemia*
- **Hypoglycemia** causes symptoms such as sweating, tremors, palpitations, and confusion, but it is not directly associated with specific EKG changes like U waves.
- It relates to glucose levels, not to electrolyte imbalances causing U waves.
*Hyponatremia*
- **Hyponatremia** can cause neurological symptoms like confusion, seizures, and cerebral edema, but it typically does not directly manifest as U waves on EKG.
- While renal dysfunction can contribute to hyponatremia, the patient's symptoms and EKG are more indicative of a different electrolyte disorder.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 6: A 48-year-old man presents with DKA. Initial treatment is initiated with fluids and insulin infusion. Labs show glucose 460 mg/dL, pH 7.18, bicarbonate 10 mEq/L, potassium 4.5 mEq/L, and creatinine 2.8 mg/dL (baseline 1.0). After 4 hours, glucose decreases to 380 mg/dL but pH worsens to 7.12, bicarbonate drops to 8 mEq/L, and lactate is 5.2 mmol/L (initially 1.8). Blood pressure is 85/50 mmHg. Evaluate the clinical situation and necessary intervention.
- A. Administer additional fluid bolus for persistent hypotension
- B. Evaluate for sepsis or other concurrent illness causing lactic acidosis (Correct Answer)
- C. Increase insulin infusion rate to accelerate ketone clearance
- D. Add bicarbonate therapy for worsening acidosis
- E. Continue current management as DKA takes time to resolve
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Evaluate for sepsis or other concurrent illness causing lactic acidosis***
- While the blood glucose is responding to insulin, the **worsening metabolic acidosis** and significantly elevated **lactate (5.2 mmol/L)** indicate a secondary process such as **sepsis** or tissue hypoperfusion.
- **Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)** often has a precipitating factor; the combination of **hypotension** and rising lactate suggests **septic shock** or organic ischemia that requires urgent investigation and targeted treatment.
*Administer additional fluid bolus for persistent hypotension*
- Although fluid resuscitation is vital, simply giving more fluids without diagnosing the **underlying cause** of the rising lactate and refractory shock is insufficient.
- **Hypotension** in this context may be secondary to **septic shock** or systemic inflammatory response rather than simple volume depletion from DKA.
*Increase insulin infusion rate to accelerate ketone clearance*
- The current insulin infusion is successfully lowering the blood glucose, but the acidosis is worsening due to **lactic acid**, not just ketones.
- Increasing insulin will not resolve **Type A lactic acidosis** caused by **inadequate tissue oxygenation** or sepsis.
*Add bicarbonate therapy for worsening acidosis*
- **Bicarbonate therapy** is generally not recommended in DKA unless the pH is <6.9, as it can cause **paradoxical cerebral acidosis** and hypokalemia.
- Administering bicarbonate would provide a temporary buffer but would fail to address the **rising lactate** and underlying hemodynamic instability.
*Continue current management as DKA takes time to resolve*
- While DKA resolution is gradual, a **rising lactate** and **falling pH** despite therapy are red flags that indicate the clinical condition is deteriorating.
- Ignoring the **acute kidney injury** (Creatinine 2.8) and persistent **hypotension** increases the risk of multi-organ failure and mortality.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 7: A 25-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes presents with DKA. She admits to intentionally withholding insulin to lose weight. This is her fifth DKA admission in 8 months. Current pH is 7.14, glucose 520 mg/dL, bicarbonate 11 mEq/L. Medical costs exceed $150,000 for recurrent admissions. The team is frustrated. Evaluate the comprehensive management approach beyond acute DKA treatment.
- A. Referral to ethics committee for discussion of resource allocation
- B. Involuntary psychiatric commitment for non-compliance
- C. Insulin pump placement to prevent future manipulation
- D. Multidisciplinary approach including psychiatry, eating disorder specialist, diabetes educator, and close outpatient follow-up (Correct Answer)
- E. Standard DKA treatment with discharge to outpatient endocrinology
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Multidisciplinary approach including psychiatry, eating disorder specialist, diabetes educator, and close outpatient follow-up***
- This patient presents with **diabulimia**, a life-threatening eating disorder where Type 1 diabetics restrict insulin for weight control, requiring a **comprehensive care team** to address both physiologic and psychological needs.
- A **multidisciplinary strategy** is essential to reduce the high risk of mortality and frequent **recurrent DKA admissions** by targeting the root cause of non-compliance.
*Referral to ethics committee for discussion of resource allocation*
- While medical costs are high, **withholding treatment** based on cost or resource allocation for a life-threatening condition like DKA is generally unethical.
- The **ethics committee** may assist in complex care plans, but it does not address the primary clinical need for specialized psychiatric and nutritional intervention.
*Involuntary psychiatric commitment for non-compliance*
- **Involuntary commitment** typically requires the patient to be a danger to themselves or others due to a mental illness; insulin omission, while dangerous, often does not meet legal criteria if the patient has **decision-making capacity**.
- Simple **non-compliance** in an adult with capacity is not usually grounds for commitment, and long-term behavioral change is better achieved through voluntary therapeutic engagement.
*Insulin pump placement to prevent future manipulation*
- An **insulin pump** is not a solution as it can still be easily manipulated, disconnected, or the settings altered by a patient determined to restrict insulin.
- Introducing a medical device without addressing the **underlying eating disorder** may actually complicate management and increase the risk of device-related complications.
*Standard DKA treatment with discharge to outpatient endocrinology*
- Given five DKA admissions in 8 months, standard management has already proven **insufficient** and fails to address the unique psychiatric etiology of her condition.
- Discharging to **standard outpatient endocrinology** without specialized eating disorder support ignores the behavioral triggers that lead to recurrent life-threatening metabolic crises.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 8: A 55-year-old man with type 2 diabetes and end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis presents with DKA. Initial glucose is 580 mg/dL, pH 7.12, bicarbonate 10 mEq/L, and potassium 6.2 mEq/L. He is fluid overloaded with bilateral crackles and peripheral edema. His last dialysis was 3 days ago. Evaluate the optimal management strategy addressing both DKA and renal failure.
- A. Standard DKA protocol with furosemide for fluid management
- B. Bicarbonate therapy to correct acidosis without fluids
- C. Subcutaneous insulin with no IV fluids due to volume overload
- D. Insulin infusion with limited fluids and urgent hemodialysis (Correct Answer)
- E. Standard DKA protocol with aggressive fluid resuscitation
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Insulin infusion with limited fluids and urgent hemodialysis***
- Patients with **ESRD** and **DKA** who are **fluid overloaded** require **urgent hemodialysis** to safely correct metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and volume status.
- **Continuous insulin infusion** is essential to stop ketone production, but fluid resuscitation must be severely **restricted** to avoid worsening pulmonary edema.
*Standard DKA protocol with furosemide for fluid management*
- **Furosemide** is ineffective in patients with **end-stage renal disease** (ESRD) as they have minimal to no residual renal function.
- Standard DKA protocols prioritize aggressive IV fluids, which would be **life-threatening** for a patient already showing signs of volume overload and crackles.
*Bicarbonate therapy to correct acidosis without fluids*
- **Bicarbonate therapy** is generally not recommended for DKA unless the pH is below 6.9, and it can cause a **rebound worsening** of intracellular acidosis.
- It does not address the underlying **insulin deficiency** or the patient's massive **volume overload** and hyperkalemia.
*Subcutaneous insulin with no IV fluids due to volume overload*
- **Subcutaneous insulin** is inappropriate for severe DKA (pH 7.12); **intravenous insulin** is the standard for rapid titration and metabolic control.
- Complete avoidance of fluids may prevent correction of the **osmotic shift**, but the primary failure here is the omission of dialysis for a symptomatic ESRD patient.
*Standard DKA protocol with aggressive fluid resuscitation*
- Aggressive fluid administration is **contraindicated** in ESRD patients with clinical signs of **congestive heart failure** like crackles and peripheral edema.
- This approach carries a high risk of inducing **acute respiratory failure** or flash pulmonary edema.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 9: A 38-year-old pregnant woman at 28 weeks gestation with type 1 diabetes presents with nausea and vomiting. Labs show glucose 310 mg/dL, pH 7.27, bicarbonate 15 mEq/L, and positive urine ketones. Fetal monitoring shows reactive non-stress test. She has been taking her insulin but unable to eat for 24 hours due to hyperemesis. Analyze the optimal management approach considering maternal and fetal risks.
- A. Standard DKA protocol with standard glucose targets (200-250 mg/dL)
- B. Aggressive DKA treatment with lower glucose targets (100-150 mg/dL) and close fetal monitoring (Correct Answer)
- C. Immediate cesarean delivery followed by DKA treatment
- D. Conservative management with oral intake and subcutaneous insulin
- E. Standard DKA protocol with delivery planning after stabilization
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Aggressive DKA treatment with lower glucose targets (100-150 mg/dL) and close fetal monitoring***
- In pregnancy, **Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)** often presents with lower blood glucose levels due to increased **glucose utilization** by the fetus and placenta.
- Successful management requires **aggressive hydration**, **intravenous insulin**, and maintaining blood glucose between **100-150 mg/dL** to prevent fetal complications.
*Standard DKA protocol with standard glucose targets (200-250 mg/dL)*
- Standard targets for non-pregnant adults are too high for pregnancy and can lead to prolonged **fetal acidosis** and increased morbidity.
- Pregnancy-specific protocols prioritize tighter glycemic control to optimize the **maternal-fetal environment** during acute metabolic distress.
*Immediate cesarean delivery followed by DKA treatment*
- Surgery during **untreated DKA** carries extremely high maternal and fetal risk; the fetus should only be delivered for **obstetric indications** after maternal stabilization.
- **Fetal heart rate** abnormalities often resolve once the mother's **acidosis** and electrolyte imbalances are corrected with medical therapy.
*Conservative management with oral intake and subcutaneous insulin*
- Maternal **acidemia (pH 7.27)** and **ketonuria** indicate a medical emergency that cannot be safely managed with subcutaneous insulin or oral fluids.
- **Nausea and vomiting** from hyperemesis or the DKA itself necessitate **intravenous fluid resuscitation** and specialized inpatient monitoring.
*Standard DKA protocol with delivery planning after stabilization*
- While maternal stabilization is the primary goal, following a "standard" protocol ignores the need for **lower glucose targets** unique to pregnancy.
- **Delivery planning** at 28 weeks should only be considered if fetal distress persists after maternal metabolic status has returned to baseline.
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) US Medical PG Question 10: A 42-year-old man with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump presents with DKA after pump malfunction. He is admitted and started on IV insulin infusion. After 14 hours of treatment, his glucose is 210 mg/dL on D5-0.45% saline, pH 7.36, bicarbonate 19 mEq/L, and anion gap 12. He is alert, eating, and requesting to go home. Evaluate the appropriate transition strategy.
- A. Switch to subcutaneous insulin and discharge immediately
- B. Stop IV insulin immediately and restart insulin pump at home
- C. Continue IV insulin for another 6 hours to ensure stability
- D. Give subcutaneous insulin, overlap for 1-2 hours, then stop IV insulin and observe (Correct Answer)
- E. Discontinue IV insulin, discharge with oral medications
Electrolyte management (particularly potassium) Explanation: ***Give subcutaneous insulin, overlap for 1-2 hours, then stop IV insulin and observe***
- DKA is considered resolved when the **anion gap** is <12, **bicarbonate** is ≥18, and **pH** >7.3; once resolved, transitioning to **subcutaneous insulin** is appropriate if the patient is eating.
- An **overlap period of 1-2 hours** between the administration of subcutaneous insulin and the cessation of the **IV insulin infusion** is mandatory to prevent the recurrence of ketoacidosis due to the short half-life of IV insulin.
*Switch to subcutaneous insulin and discharge immediately*
- While the transition to subcutaneous insulin is correct, **immediate discharge** is unsafe as the patient must be observed for metabolic stability after the transition.
- Adequate time must be allowed for **absorption of subcutaneous insulin** and verification that the patient can maintain glycemic control while off the infusion.
*Stop IV insulin immediately and restart insulin pump at home*
- Stopping IV insulin **immediately** without an overlap period leads to a rapid decline in serum insulin levels and risks a **rebound of ketosis**.
- Relying on the patient to restart a potentially **malfunctioning pump** at home without inpatient supervision increases the risk of treatment failure.
*Continue IV insulin for another 6 hours to ensure stability*
- **Prolonging IV insulin** after the resolution of DKA and normalization of the anion gap is unnecessary and increases the risk of **hypoglycemia** and **hypokalemia**.
- Since the patient is alert and **eating**, they meet the criteria for transitioning to a subcutaneous regimen to facilitate a return to normal metabolic management.
*Discontinue IV insulin, discharge with oral medications*
- **Type 1 diabetic** patients have an absolute insulin deficiency and always require exogenous insulin; **oral medications** are inappropriate for managing T1DM.
- Discontinuing insulin therapy in a T1DM patient will inevitably lead to the return of **hyperglycemia** and life-threatening **diabetic ketoacidosis**.
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