Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Regulation of urea cycle. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 1: A 3-week old boy is brought to the physician for the evaluation of lethargy, recurrent vomiting, and poor weight gain since birth. Physical examination shows decreased skin turgor and a bulging frontal fontanelle. Serum studies show an ammonia concentration of 170 μmol/L (N < 30) and low serum citrulline levels. The oral intake of which of the following nutrients should be restricted in this patient?
- A. Gluten
- B. Lactose
- C. Fructose
- D. Protein (Correct Answer)
- E. Vitamin A
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: ***Protein***
- Elevated **ammonia** and low **citrulline** levels indicate a **urea cycle disorder**, which impairs the body's ability to excrete nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism.
- Restricting **protein intake** limits the production of ammonia, thereby reducing the toxic burden on the system and preventing further neurological damage.
*Gluten*
- **Gluten restriction** is primarily indicated for **celiac disease**, which presents with gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea, malabsorption, and poor weight gain, but not directly with hyperammonemia or urea cycle dysfunction.
- While malabsorption can cause poor weight gain, the specific metabolic derangements here point away from celiac disease.
*Lactose*
- **Lactose intolerance** or **galactosemia** would necessitate **lactose restriction**. Symptoms usually include vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to thrive, but they do not typically present with the extreme hyperammonemia seen here.
- Galactosemia specifically would show elevated galactose and galactose-1-phosphate, not ammonia.
*Fructose*
- **Hereditary fructose intolerance** requires **fructose restriction**. It generally presents with vomiting, hypoglycemia, and liver dysfunction (jaundice, hepatomegaly) upon exposure to fructose, not primarily with hyperammonemia.
- The metabolic pathway for fructose metabolism does not directly generate ammonia in the quantities seen with urea cycle disorders.
*Vitamin A*
- **Vitamin A restriction** is not a primary treatment for any known inborn error of metabolism or hyperammonemia.
- While deficiencies or toxicities of vitamins can occur, they do not present with the specific metabolic profile described (high ammonia, low citrulline).
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 2: A 49-year-old woman presents to the office for a follow-up visit. She was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver 1 year ago and is currently receiving symptomatic treatment along with complete abstinence from alcohol. She does not have any complaints. She has a 4-year history of gout, which has been asymptomatic during treatment with medication. She is currently prescribed spironolactone and probenecid. She follows a diet rich in protein. The physical examination reveals mild ascites with no palpable abdominal organs. A complete blood count is within normal limits, while a basic metabolic panel with renal function shows the following:
Sodium 141 mEq/L
Potassium 5.1 mEq/L
Chloride 101 mEq/L
Bicarbonate 22 mEq/L
Albumin 3.4 mg/dL
Urea nitrogen 4 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.2 mg/dL
Uric Acid 6.8 mg/dL
Calcium 8.9 mg/dL
Glucose 111 mg/dL
Which of the following explains the blood urea nitrogen result?
- A. Spironolactone
- B. Use of probenecid
- C. Increase in dietary protein
- D. The urea value is within normal limits
- E. Liver disease (Correct Answer)
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: ***Liver disease***
- In **cirrhosis**, the liver's ability to convert **ammonia** to **urea** is impaired due to compromised hepatocyte function.
- This leads to **decreased urea production**, resulting in a disproportionately low blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level relative to creatinine, even with intact kidney function.
*Spironolactone*
- **Spironolactone** is a potassium-sparing diuretic that can *increase* BUN by causing **hemoconcentration** or affecting renal hemodynamics, but it does not directly lower BUN.
- Its primary effect is on mineralocorticoid receptors, impacting sodium and water balance, not intrinsic urea production.
*Use of probenecid*
- **Probenecid** is a uricosuric agent that *increases* **uric acid excretion** by the kidneys.
- It has no significant direct effect on **urea production** or **metabolism** and therefore would not explain a low BUN.
*Increase in dietary protein*
- An **increase in dietary protein** typically *raises* BUN levels, as protein metabolism generates **urea** as a waste product.
- Therefore, this option contradicts the observed *low* BUN level.
*The urea value is within normal limits*
- The quoted urea nitrogen level of **4 mg/dL** is *below* the typical adult reference range (6-20 mg/dL).
- While urea levels can vary, 4 mg/dL is notably low and requires explanation, especially in the context of normal creatinine.
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 3: A 2-week-old boy presents to the emergency department because of unusual irritability and lethargy. The patient is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and minutes later develops metabolic encephalopathy. This progressed to a coma, followed by death before any laboratory tests are completed. The infant was born at home via vaginal delivery at 39 weeks' of gestation. His mother says that the symptoms started since the infant was 4-days-old, but since he only seemed ‘tired’, she decided not to seek medical attention. Further testing during autopsy shows hyperammonemia, low citrulline, and increased orotic acid. Which of the following enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient?
- A. Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase
- B. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
- C. Homogentisic acid dioxygenase
- D. Ornithine transcarbamylase (Correct Answer)
- E. Cystathionine beta-synthase
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: **Ornithine transcarbamylase**
- **Hyperammonemia**, **low citrulline**, and **increased orotic acid** are classic findings in **Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency**. OTC is an X-linked urea cycle disorder.
- The rapid progression to **metabolic encephalopathy** and death in a neonate with these laboratory findings is highly characteristic of severe OTC deficiency, often presenting in the first few days of life.
*Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase*
- Deficiency of this enzyme causes **Maple Syrup Urine Disease**, characterized by elevated **branched-chain amino acids** and their corresponding ketoacids in blood and urine.
- While it can cause neurological symptoms, it does not typically present with the specific constellation of **hyperammonemia**, low citrulline, and high orotic acid.
*Propionyl-CoA carboxylase*
- Deficiency of this enzyme leads to **Propionic acidemia**, a type of organic acidemia, characterized by **propionic acid accumulation** and often **metabolic acidosis**, ketosis, and hyperammonemia.
- However, it would not typically cause **low citrulline** or isolated **elevated orotic acid** as seen in urea cycle disorders.
*Homogentisic acid dioxygenase*
- Deficiency of this enzyme causes **Alkaptonuria**, an inborn error of metabolism characterized by the accumulation of **homogentisic acid**.
- This condition is usually benign in infancy, with symptoms appearing later in life such as **dark urine** on standing and **ochronosis** (darkening of cartilage). It does not present with acute hyperammonemia or metabolic encephalopathy.
*Cystathionine beta-synthase*
- Deficiency of this enzyme causes **homocystinuria**, an inborn error of methionine metabolism, leading to elevated **homocysteine** and methionine.
- Clinical features include **ectopia lentis**, skeletal abnormalities, and intellectual disability, but not usually acute neonatal hyperammonemia or the specific findings of low citrulline and high orotic acid.
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 4: A 20-year-old male presents with confusion, asterixis, and odd behavior. Very early in the morning, his mother found him urinating on the floor of his bedroom. A detailed history taken from the mother revealed that he has been a vegetarian his entire life but decided to "bulk up" by working out and consuming whey protein several times a day. A blood test revealed increased levels of ammonia and orotic acid but a decreased BUN. The patient began hemodialysis and was given oral sodium benzoate and phenylbutyrate, which improved his condition. Gene therapy of the enzyme producing which product would correct his condition?
- A. Citrulline (Correct Answer)
- B. Fructose-1-phosphate
- C. Homocysteine
- D. Phenylalanine
- E. Uridine monophosphate
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: ***Citrulline***
- The clinical presentation (confusion, asterixis, bizarre behavior, high ammonia, low BUN, high orotic acid, improvement with sodium benzoate and phenylbutyrate) is classic for a **urea cycle disorder**, specifically **ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency**.
- OTC catalyzes the conversion of ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate to citrulline. A deficiency in OTC leads to a buildup of carbamoyl phosphate, which is then shunted to the pyrimidine synthesis pathway, leading to increased orotic acid. Therefore, gene therapy for the enzyme producing citrulline (OTC) would address the underlying defect.
*Fructose-1-phosphate*
- This is an intermediate in **fructose metabolism**. Disorders related to this, such as **hereditary fructose intolerance**, are not associated with hyperammonemia or orotic aciduria in this manner.
- Symptoms typically involve hypoglycemia, vomiting, and liver dysfunction upon fructose ingestion.
*Homocysteine*
- Elevated homocysteine levels are characteristic of **homocystinuria**, which is due to defects in methionine metabolism, often involving **cystathionine beta-synthase** or enzymes in the folate/B12 pathways.
- Homocystinuria presents with developmental delay, skeletal abnormalities, and thromboembolic events, distinct from the patient's symptoms.
*Phenylalanine*
- Elevated phenylalanine is the hallmark of **phenylketonuria (PKU)**, an inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism where the body cannot process **phenylalanine**.
- PKU primarily causes neurological issues if untreated, but not typically hyperammonemia or orotic aciduria.
*Uridine monophosphate*
- While orotic acid is a precursor to uridine monophosphate in pyrimidine synthesis, a direct gene therapy for the enzyme producing uridine monophosphate is not the primary intervention for the underlying urea cycle disorder.
- The high orotic acid is a consequence of the urea cycle blockade, not the primary defect itself.
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 5: A 4-day-old boy is brought to the physician because of somnolence, poor feeding, and vomiting after his first few breast feedings. He appears lethargic. His respiratory rate is 73/min. Serum ammonia is markedly increased. Genetic analysis shows deficiency in N-acetylglutamate synthase. The activity of which of the following enzymes is most likely directly affected by this genetic defect?
- A. Ornithine translocase
- B. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (Correct Answer)
- C. Argininosuccinase
- D. Argininosuccinate synthetase
- E. Arginase
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: ***Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I***
- **N-acetylglutamate** (NAG) is an essential allosteric activator of **carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I)**, the rate-limiting enzyme of the urea cycle.
- A deficiency in **N-acetylglutamate synthase** directly leads to a lack of NAG, significantly impairing CPS I activity and causing severe hyperammonemia.
*Ornithine translocase*
- This enzyme is responsible for transporting **ornithine** into the mitochondria for the urea cycle.
- While a defect in **ornithine translocase** also causes hyperammonemia, it is due to accumulation of ornithine and upstream substrates, not a defect in N-acetylglutamate synthase.
*Argininosuccinase*
- Also known as **argininosuccinate lyase**, this enzyme cleaves argininosuccinate into arginine and fumarate.
- A deficiency would lead to accumulation of **argininosuccinate**, and while it is a urea cycle disorder, it is not directly affected by N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency.
*Argininosuccinate synthetase*
- This enzyme catalyzes the condensation of **citrulline** and **aspartate** to form argininosuccinate.
- A defect in **argininosuccinate synthetase** causes citrullinemia but is not directly regulated by N-acetylglutamate.
*Arginase*
- **Arginase** is the final enzyme in the urea cycle, hydrolyzing arginine to form urea and ornithine.
- A deficiency would lead to hyperargininemia, which typically presents later in childhood and is not directly affected by N-acetylglutamate.
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 6: A 2-day-old male infant is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after his parents noticed that he was convulsing and unresponsive. He was born at home and appeared well initially; however, within 24 hours he became increasingly irritable and lethargic. Furthermore, he stopped feeding and began to experience worsening tachypnea. This continued for about 6 hours, at which point his parents noticed the convulsions and called for an ambulance. Laboratories are obtained with the following results:
Orotic acid: 9.2 mmol/mol creatinine (normal: 1.4-5.3 mmol/mol creatinine)
Ammonia: 135 µmol/L (normal: < 50 µmol/L)
Citrulline: 2 µmol/L (normal: 10-45 µmol/L)
Which of the following treatments would most likely be beneficial to this patient?
- A. Galactose avoidance
- B. Aspartame avoidance
- C. Benzoate administration (Correct Answer)
- D. Uridine administration
- E. Fructose avoidance
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: ***Benzoate administration***
- This patient presents with hyperammonemia (135 µmol/L), elevated orotic acid (9.2 mmol/mol creatinine), and **low citrulline (2 µmol/L)**, which is the classic triad for **ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency**.
- The low citrulline distinguishes OTC deficiency from other urea cycle defects, while elevated orotic acid results from accumulation of carbamoyl phosphate that gets shunted into pyrimidine synthesis.
- **Sodium benzoate** is a nitrogen scavenger that conjugates with glycine to form hippurate, which is excreted renally, providing an alternative pathway for nitrogen disposal and reducing toxic ammonia levels.
- This is a life-saving acute treatment for hyperammonemia in urea cycle disorders.
*Galactose avoidance*
- This is the treatment for **galactosemia**, a disorder of galactose metabolism caused by galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency.
- Galactosemia presents with hepatomegaly, jaundice, cataracts, intellectual disability, and hypoglycemia after milk feeding.
- The patient's hyperammonemia and elevated orotic acid pattern is incompatible with galactosemia.
*Aspartame avoidance*
- This is relevant for **phenylketonuria (PKU)** dietary management, as aspartame contains phenylalanine.
- PKU presents with developmental delay, intellectual disability, musty odor, and eczema, with elevated phenylalanine levels.
- Ammonia and orotic acid are normal in PKU, making this diagnosis inconsistent with the lab findings.
*Uridine administration*
- **Uridine** treats **hereditary orotic aciduria** (UMP synthase deficiency), which presents with megaloblastic anemia, growth retardation, and developmental delays.
- While orotic acid is elevated in both conditions, hereditary orotic aciduria has **normal ammonia** and the primary pathology is impaired pyrimidine synthesis, not ammonia disposal.
- This patient's life-threatening hyperammonemia requires immediate nitrogen scavenging, which uridine does not provide.
*Fructose avoidance*
- This treats **hereditary fructose intolerance** (aldolase B deficiency), which causes hypoglycemia, vomiting, hepatomegaly, and jaundice after fructose ingestion.
- The presentation is triggered by dietary fructose exposure and does not cause hyperammonemia or elevated orotic acid.
- The patient's metabolic profile is inconsistent with a fructose metabolism disorder.
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 7: A 2-day-old male is seen in the newborn nursery for repeated emesis and lethargy. He was born at 39 weeks to a 24-year-old mother following an uncomplicated pregnancy and birth. He has been breastfeeding every 2 hours and has 10 wet diapers per day. His father has a history of beta-thalassemia minor. Laboratory results are as follows:
Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL
Platelet count: 200,000/mm³
Mean corpuscular volume: 95 µm³
Reticulocyte count: 0.5%
Leukocyte count: 5,000/mm³ with normal differential
Serum:
Na+: 134 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 3.3 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen: 1 mg/dL
Creatinine: 0.6 mg/dL
Ammonia: 150 µmol/L (normal: 50-80 µmol/L)
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Phenylketonuria
- B. Orotic aciduria
- C. Alkaptonuria
- D. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (Correct Answer)
- E. Beta-thalassemia minor
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: ***Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency***
- The combination of **lethargy**, vomiting (emesis), and **significantly elevated ammonia levels** in a neonate strongly points to a **urea cycle disorder**, with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency being the most common.
- This X-linked disorder leads to a buildup of ammonia due to the inability to convert carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine into citrulline, a crucial step in the urea cycle.
*Phenylketonuria*
- Characterized by the inability to metabolize **phenylalanine**, leading to its accumulation and neurological damage if untreated.
- Typically presents with developmental delay, seizures, and a musty odor, not acute hyperammonemia and vomiting in the neonatal period.
*Orotic aciduria*
- A rare metabolic disorder caused by a defect in **pyrimidine synthesis**, leading to accumulation of **orotic acid**.
- Presents with megaloblastic anemia, developmental delay, and failure to thrive, but not typically with severe neonatal hyperammonemia.
*Alkaptonuria*
- An autosomal recessive disorder of **tyrosine metabolism** where homogentisic acid oxidase is deficient, leading to a buildup of **homogentisic acid**.
- Characterized by dark urine when exposed to air, ochronosis (bluish-black pigmentation of cartilage), and early-onset osteoarthritis; it does not cause acute neonatal illness with hyperammonemia.
*Beta-thalassemia minor*
- This is an **inherited blood disorder** causing mild anemia, often asymptomatic, due to reduced or absent beta-globin chain production.
- While the father has this condition, the infant's symptoms of lethargy, vomiting, and hyperammonemia are **not consistent** with beta-thalassemia minor.
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 8: A 4-day-old male newborn delivered at 39 weeks' gestation is evaluated because of poor feeding, recurrent vomiting, and lethargy. Physical examination shows tachypnea with subcostal retractions. An enzyme assay performed on a liver biopsy specimen shows decreased activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. This enzyme plays an important role in the breakdown and excretion of amino groups that result from protein digestion. Which of the following is an immediate substrate for the synthesis of the molecule needed for the excretion of amino groups?
- A. N-acetylglutamate
- B. Homocysteine
- C. Phenylalanine
- D. Valine
- E. Aspartate (Correct Answer)
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: ***Aspartate***
- The question describes a case of **carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I)** deficiency, which leads to **hyperammonemia** due to impaired urea cycle function.
- The urea cycle is responsible for excreting **amino groups** as urea; one of the key molecules directly incorporated into the urea molecule is **aspartate**, which donates an amino group to form **argininosuccinate**.
*N-acetylglutamate*
- **N-acetylglutamate** is an essential activator of **carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I)**, the enzyme deficient in this patient.
- While crucial for the urea cycle's regulation, it is an **allosteric activator** rather than a direct substrate for the synthesis of molecules needed for amino group excretion.
*Homocysteine*
- **Homocysteine** is an intermediate in **methionine metabolism** and is primarily associated with cardiovascular disease and neurological issues when elevated.
- It plays no direct role as a substrate in the urea cycle for the excretion of amino groups.
*Phenylalanine*
- **Phenylalanine** is an **essential amino acid** that is a precursor to tyrosine and neurotransmitters.
- Its metabolism is separate from the urea cycle, and it is not a direct substrate for ammonia excretion in this pathway.
*Valine*
- **Valine** is a **branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)** primarily catabolized in muscles and used for energy.
- It is not a direct substrate in the urea cycle, which processes nitrogen from various amino acids into urea for excretion.
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 9: A 26-year-old African American man comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of fatigue, back pain, and dark urine. One week ago, he developed a headache and was treated with aspirin. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor. A peripheral blood smear shows erythrocytes with inclusions of denatured hemoglobin. Which of the following enzymes is involved in providing precursors for nucleotide synthesis in this patient?
- A. Glucose-6-phosphatase
- B. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
- C. Pyruvate carboxylase
- D. Transaldolase (Correct Answer)
- E. Enolase
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: ***Transaldolase***
- This patient likely has **glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency**, indicated by fatigue, dark urine (hemolysis), and **Heinz bodies** (erythrocytes with inclusions of denatured hemoglobin) after aspirin exposure, which is an **oxidative stressor**.
- **Transaldolase** is an enzyme in the **non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)**, which produces **ribose-5-phosphate**, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis.
*Glucose-6-phosphatase*
- **Glucose-6-phosphatase** is involved in **gluconeogenesis** and glycogenolysis, primarily in the liver and kidneys, to release free glucose into the bloodstream.
- Deficiency leads to **Von Gierke disease**, characterized by hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, lactic acidosis, and hyperlipidemia, which are not described here.
*Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I*
- **Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I)** is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in the **urea cycle**, converting ammonia and bicarbonate into carbamoyl phosphate.
- Its deficiency causes **hyperammonemia**, not hemolytic anemia or issues with nucleotide synthesis.
*Pyruvate carboxylase*
- **Pyruvate carboxylase** is a mitochondrial enzyme that converts **pyruvate to oxaloacetate**, a crucial step in **gluconeogenesis** and replenishing intermediates of the citric acid cycle.
- Deficiency can lead to lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia, which are not the primary symptoms here.
*Enolase*
- **Enolase** is an enzyme in **glycolysis** that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate.
- It is not directly involved in providing precursors for nucleotide synthesis.
Regulation of urea cycle US Medical PG Question 10: A 2-year-old boy from a rural community is brought to the pediatrician after his parents noticed a white reflection in both of his eyes in recent pictures. Physical examination reveals bilateral leukocoria, nystagmus, and inflammation. When asked about family history of malignancy, the father of the child reports losing a brother to an eye tumor when they were children. With this in mind, which of the following processes are affected in this patient?
- A. Base excision repair
- B. Regulation of the G1-S transition (Correct Answer)
- C. DNA mismatch repair
- D. Stem cell self-renewal
- E. Nucleotide excision repair
Regulation of urea cycle Explanation: ***Regulation of the G1-S transition***
- This patient's symptoms (bilateral **leukocoria**, **nystagmus**, family history of eye tumor) are characteristic of **retinoblastoma**, which is often caused by a mutation in the **RB1 gene**.
- The **RB1 gene** product (retinoblastoma protein) is a key **tumor suppressor** that regulates the G1-S cell cycle transition, and its dysfunction leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation.
*Base excision repair*
- This process is primarily involved in repairing damaged bases in DNA, often due to oxidation or alkylation.
- Defects in base excision repair are typically associated with conditions such as **MUTYH-associated polyposis**, not retinoblastoma.
*DNA mismatch repair*
- This system corrects errors that occur during DNA replication, such as incorrect base pairings or small insertions/deletions.
- Impairment of mismatch repair is a hallmark of **Lynch syndrome** (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), which does not present with retinoblastoma.
*Stem cell self-renewal*
- While uncontrolled self-renewal can contribute to cancer, retinoblastoma is specifically linked to defects in the **RB1 gene**, which is a cell cycle regulator, not directly a primary regulator of stem cell self-renewal itself.
- Loss of G1-S checkpoint control is a more direct and proximal cause of the tumor formation in retinoblastoma.
*Nucleotide excision repair*
- This pathway is responsible for repairing bulkier DNA lesions, such as those caused by UV radiation.
- Deficiencies in nucleotide excision repair lead to diseases like **xeroderma pigmentosum**, characterized by extreme sensitivity to sunlight and increased skin cancer risk, which is unrelated to the presented case.
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