Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Brown vs. white adipose tissue. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 1: A 59-year-old female presents to the emergency department after a fall. She reports severe pain in her right hip and an inability to move her right leg. Her past medical history is notable for osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and has never undergone surgery before. The patient was adopted, and her family history is unknown. She has never smoked and drinks alcohol socially. Her temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 150/90 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. Her right leg is shortened, abducted, and externally rotated. A radiograph demonstrates a displaced femoral neck fracture. She is admitted and eventually brought to the operating room to undergo right hip arthroplasty. While undergoing induction anesthesia with inhaled sevoflurane, she develops severe muscle contractions. Her temperature is 103.4°F (39.7°C). A medication with which of the following mechanisms of action is indicated in the acute management of this patient’s condition?
- A. Ryanodine receptor antagonist (Correct Answer)
- B. Acetylcholine receptor agonist
- C. Serotonin 1B/1D agonist
- D. NMDA receptor antagonist
- E. GABA agonist
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***Ryanodine receptor antagonist***
- The patient's presentation with **high fever**, **muscle rigidity**, and **tachycardia** shortly after induction with **sevoflurane** is highly suggestive of **malignant hyperthermia (MH)**.
- **Dantrolene**, a **ryanodine receptor antagonist**, is the specific treatment for MH, as it blocks the excessive release of **calcium** from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells.
*Acetylcholine receptor agonist*
- **Acetylcholine receptor agonists** (e.g., succinylcholine) stimulate muscle contraction and would worsen the muscle rigidity seen in malignant hyperthermia.
- These agents are often triggers for malignant hyperthermia when combined with volatile anesthetics.
*Serotonin 1B/1D agonist*
- **Serotonin 1B/1D agonists** (e.g., triptans) are primarily used in the acute treatment of migraines.
- They have no role in the management of malignant hyperthermia and would not address the underlying pathophysiology.
*NMDA receptor antagonist*
- **NMDA receptor antagonists** (e.g., ketamine) are dissociative anesthetics and analgesics.
- They do not directly affect the calcium release channels in skeletal muscle responsible for malignant hyperthermia.
*GABA agonist*
- **GABA agonists** (e.g., benzodiazepines, propofol) are central nervous system depressants used for sedation and anesthesia.
- While they can have muscle relaxant properties, they do not specifically target the **ryanodine receptor** pathway involved in malignant hyperthermia.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 2: An investigator is studying the function of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus in an experimental animal. Using a viral vector, the genes encoding chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins are injected into this nucleus. Photostimulation of the channels causes complete inhibition of action potential generation. Persistent photostimulation is most likely to result in which of the following abnormalities in these animals?
- A. Hyperthermia
- B. Anorexia (Correct Answer)
- C. Nocturnal hyperactivity
- D. Polydipsia
- E. Hypothermia
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***Anorexia***
- The **lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus** is primarily associated with **hunger** and **feeding behavior**; its destruction or inhibition leads to aphagia and reduced food intake.
- Inhibiting action potential generation in this region would mimic a lesion, preventing the animal from feeling hunger and consequently leading to anorexia.
*Hyperthermia*
- The **anterior hypothalamus** is more involved in **heat dissipation** (cooling), while the posterior hypothalamus handles heat conservation.
- Disrupting the lateral hypothalamus would not directly lead to hyperthermia.
*Nocturnal hyperactivity*
- The **suprachiasmatic nucleus** and other areas of the hypothalamus regulate circadian rhythms, but the lateral hypothalamus is not primarily associated with activity levels or sleep-wake cycles in this manner.
- Activation or inhibition of the lateral hypothalamus typically affects feeding, not general activity levels in a nocturnal pattern.
*Polydipsia*
- **Thirst regulation** is primarily attributed to the **supraoptic** and **paraventricular nuclei** and the **organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)**.
- The lateral hypothalamus also plays a role in **drinking behavior**, and its inhibition would cause **adipsia** (decreased drinking), not polydipsia (increased drinking).
*Hypothermia*
- While the hypothalamus regulates body temperature, direct inhibition of the lateral **"hunger center"** would not cause systemic hypothermia.
- **Heat conservation** and **production** are more closely linked to the **posterior hypothalamus**.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 3: A group of investigators is studying thermoregulatory adaptations of the human body. A subject is seated in a thermally insulated isolation chamber with an internal temperature of 48°C (118°F), a pressure of 1 atmosphere, and a relative humidity of 10%. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of heat loss in this subject?
- A. Convection
- B. Evaporation (Correct Answer)
- C. Conduction
- D. Piloerection
- E. Radiation
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***Evaporation***
- In an environment where the ambient temperature (48°C) is **higher than body temperature**, heat gain by convection, conduction, and radiation occurs. Therefore, **evaporation** of sweat is the only significant mechanism for heat loss.
- The relatively low humidity (10%) at this high temperature facilitates efficient sweat **evaporation**, which cools the body as it converts liquid sweat into water vapor.
*Convection*
- **Convection** involves heat transfer through the movement of air or fluid over the body surface.
- Since the ambient temperature (48°C) is significantly **above body temperature**, the body would gain heat via convection, not lose it.
*Conduction*
- **Conduction** is direct heat transfer between objects in contact.
- As the ambient temperature (48°C) is much **higher than the skin temperature**, the body would actually **gain heat** through conduction from any surfaces it touched if they were at ambient temperature.
*Piloerection*
- **Piloerection** (goosebumps) is a mechanism for minimizing heat loss by trapping a layer of warm air close to the skin.
- This response is activated in **cold environments** to conserve heat, not in hot environments to dissipate it.
*Radiation*
- **Radiation** is heat transfer via electromagnetic waves without direct contact.
- Since the ambient temperature (48°C) is **higher than body surface temperature**, the body would **gain heat** by radiation, not lose it efficiently, from the surrounding environment.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 4: An investigator is examining tissue samples from various muscle tissue throughout the body. She notices that biopsies collected from a specific site have a high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and myoglobin; they also stain poorly for ATPase. Additionally, the cell surface membranes of the myocytes in the specimen lack voltage-gated calcium channels. These myocytes are found in the greatest concentration at which of the following sites?
- A. Ventricular myocardium
- B. Tunica media
- C. Lateral rectus muscle
- D. Glandular myoepithelium
- E. Semispinalis muscle (Correct Answer)
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***Semispinalis muscle***
- The described characteristics—**high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and myoglobin** with **poor ATPase staining**—are hallmarks of **Type I (slow-twitch oxidative) skeletal muscle fibers**.
- Postural muscles like the **semispinalis** (part of the erector spinae group) are predominantly composed of Type I fibers adapted for sustained, aerobic contraction to maintain posture.
- These fibers appear **red** due to high myoglobin content, have abundant mitochondria for aerobic metabolism, and stain **poorly for ATPase** (distinguishing them from Type II fast-twitch fibers).
- While all skeletal muscle does possess voltage-gated calcium channels for excitation-contraction coupling, the overall profile best matches slow-twitch postural muscles.
*Ventricular myocardium*
- While cardiac muscle has high mitochondria, myoglobin, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, it **does possess L-type voltage-gated calcium channels** on the sarcolemma, which are essential for cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.
- Cardiac muscle relies on **both** extracellular Ca²⁺ influx through these channels and calcium-induced calcium release from the SR.
- Cardiac muscle typically stains **strongly for ATPase**, not poorly.
*Tunica media*
- Composed of **vascular smooth muscle** with poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and relatively few mitochondria compared to skeletal or cardiac muscle.
- Smooth muscle relies heavily on **extracellular calcium influx** and the calmodulin pathway for contraction.
- Not characterized by high myoglobin content.
*Lateral rectus muscle*
- This extraocular muscle contains predominantly **Type IIb fast-twitch glycolytic fibers** adapted for rapid, precise eye movements.
- These fibers have **low myoglobin** (white muscle), fewer mitochondria, and stain **strongly for ATPase**.
- Opposite profile from the described tissue.
*Glandular myoepithelium*
- Myoepithelial cells are specialized contractile cells in secretory glands with minimal sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
- Function is brief contraction for secretion expulsion, not sustained aerobic work.
- Do not exhibit the high oxidative capacity described.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 5: A 22-year-old medical student decides to fast for 24 hours after reading about the possible health benefits of fasting. She read that blood glucose levels are maintained by metabolic processes such as hepatic glycogenolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis during the initial 3 days of fasting. During the day, she did not suffer from the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Which of the following signaling molecules most likely stimulated the reaction which maintained her blood glucose after all her stored glucose was broken down and used up?
- A. Adenosine diphosphate
- B. Acetyl CoA (Correct Answer)
- C. Acetate
- D. Citrate
- E. Adenosine monophosphate
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***Acetyl CoA***
- **Acetyl CoA** is the key **allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase**, the first committed enzyme of gluconeogenesis that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
- During prolonged fasting after glycogen stores are depleted, the body shifts to **fatty acid oxidation** (β-oxidation), which produces large amounts of **Acetyl CoA**.
- High **Acetyl CoA** levels signal that fat is being oxidized for energy, and simultaneously **activate gluconeogenesis** to maintain blood glucose for glucose-dependent tissues (brain, RBCs).
- This is the primary signaling mechanism that directly stimulates the gluconeogenic pathway after glycogen is exhausted.
*Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)*
- **AMP** levels rise during energy depletion and activate **AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)**.
- However, AMPK **inhibits gluconeogenesis** (not stimulates it) because gluconeogenesis is an **ATP-consuming** anabolic process (requires 6 ATP per glucose).
- AMPK promotes ATP-generating catabolic processes like fatty acid oxidation, but suppresses ATP-consuming processes like gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis.
*Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)*
- **ADP** accumulates when ATP is hydrolyzed and signals moderate energy deficit.
- ADP is primarily a substrate for ATP regeneration via oxidative phosphorylation and does not directly regulate gluconeogenesis.
- Its role in metabolic regulation is less specific than allosteric activators like Acetyl CoA.
*Acetate*
- **Acetate** can be converted to Acetyl CoA but is not a direct signaling molecule for gluconeogenesis.
- It is a minor metabolite that may be produced in specific conditions (e.g., alcohol metabolism, ketoacidosis) but does not play a primary role in fasting-induced glucose homeostasis.
*Citrate*
- **Citrate** is a Krebs cycle intermediate that inhibits **phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)** in glycolysis, thus reducing glucose breakdown.
- While citrate inhibition of glycolysis indirectly favors gluconeogenesis by preventing futile cycling, citrate does not **directly activate** gluconeogenic enzymes.
- Citrate primarily signals energy sufficiency and promotes fatty acid synthesis in the fed state, not fasting gluconeogenesis.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 6: A 1-minute-old newborn is being examined by the pediatric nurse. The nurse auscultates the heart and determines that the heart rate is 89/min. The respirations are spontaneous and regular. The chest and abdomen are both pink while the tips of the fingers and toes are blue. When the newborn’s foot is slapped the face grimaces and he cries loud and strong. When the arms are extended by the nurse they flex back quickly. What is this patient’s Apgar score?
- A. 5
- B. 10
- C. 8 (Correct Answer)
- D. 6
- E. 9
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***8***
- The Apgar score is calculated by assigning 0, 1, or 2 points to five criteria: **Appearance**, **Pulse**, **Grimace (reflex irritability)**, **Activity (muscle tone)**, and **Respiration**.
- This newborn scores 1 point for **Appearance** (pink body, blue extremities/acrocyanosis), 1 point for **Pulse** (89/min, which is below 100), 2 points for **Grimace** (cries loud and strong), 2 points for **Activity** (arms flex back quickly), and 2 points for **Respiration** (spontaneous and regular), totaling **8**.
*5*
- An Apgar score of 5 would indicate a more compromised state, with lower scores in multiple categories.
- This newborn demonstrates strong respiratory effort, vigorous cry, and active muscle tone, all inconsistent with a score of 5.
*10*
- A perfect score of 10 is rare and would require the newborn to have a **pink appearance throughout** (including extremities), a heart rate over 100 bpm, strong cry, active movement, and vigorous breathing.
- This newborn has two findings preventing a score of 10: **acrocyanosis** (blue extremities) and **heart rate of 89/min** (below 100).
*6*
- An Apgar score of 6 would imply more significant compromise, such as weak respiratory effort, minimal response to stimulation, or poor muscle tone.
- This newborn's strong cry, vigorous grimace response, and quick flexion indicate better performance than a score of 6.
*9*
- A score of 9 would mean only one parameter scores 1 point, with all others scoring 2 points.
- This newborn has **two parameters scoring 1 point**: **Appearance** (acrocyanosis) and **Pulse** (89/min, below 100), making the maximum possible score 8, not 9.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 7: You have been asked to deliver a lecture to medical students about the effects of various body hormones and neurotransmitters on the metabolism of glucose. Which of the following statements best describes the effects of sympathetic stimulation on glucose metabolism?
- A. Norepinephrine causes increased glucose absorption within the intestines.
- B. Without epinephrine, insulin cannot act on the liver.
- C. Peripheral tissues require epinephrine to take up glucose.
- D. Epinephrine increases liver glycogenolysis. (Correct Answer)
- E. Sympathetic stimulation to alpha receptors of the pancreas increases insulin release.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***Epinephrine increases liver glycogenolysis.***
- **Epinephrine**, released during sympathetic stimulation, primarily acts to increase **glucose availability** for immediate energy.
- It achieves this by stimulating **glycogenolysis** (breakdown of glycogen into glucose) in the liver via **beta-adrenergic receptors**.
*Norepinephrine causes increased glucose absorption within the intestines.*
- **Norepinephrine** primarily causes **vasoconstriction** and can *decrease* **intestinal motility** and nutrient absorption due to shunting blood away from the digestive tract during stress.
- Glucose absorption is mainly regulated by digestive enzymes and transport proteins, not directly increased by norepinephrine.
*Without epinephrine, insulin cannot act on the liver.*
- **Insulin** acts on the liver independent of epinephrine to promote **glucose uptake**, **glycogenesis**, and **lipid synthesis**.
- Epinephrine and insulin have **antagonistic effects** on liver glucose metabolism; epinephrine increases glucose output, while insulin decreases it.
*Peripheral tissues require epinephrine to take up glucose.*
- **Insulin** is the primary hormone required for **glucose uptake** by most peripheral tissues, especially **muscle** and **adipose tissue**, via **GLUT4 transporters**.
- Epinephrine generally *reduces* glucose uptake by peripheral tissues to preserve glucose for the brain during stress.
*Sympathetic stimulation to alpha receptors of the pancreas increases insulin release.*
- Sympathetic stimulation, primarily acting through **alpha-2 adrenergic receptors** on pancreatic beta cells, actually **inhibits** **insulin secretion**.
- This inhibition helps to increase blood glucose levels by reducing insulin's glucose-lowering effects.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 8: A 55-year-old woman presents to a primary care clinic for a physical evaluation. She works as a software engineer, travels frequently, is married with 2 kids, and drinks alcohol occasionally. She does not exercise regularly. She currently does not take any medications except for occasional ibuprofen or acetaminophen. She is currently undergoing menopause. Her initial vital signs reveal that her blood pressure is 140/95 mmHg and heart rate is 75/min. She weighs 65 kg (143 lb) and is 160 cm (63 in) tall. Her physical exam is unremarkable. A repeat measurement of her blood pressure is the same as before. Among various laboratory tests for hypertension evaluation, the physician requests fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels. Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Menopause
- B. Occupation
- C. Age
- D. Body mass index (Correct Answer)
- E. Hypertension
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***Body mass index***
- The patient's **BMI** is 25.4 kg/m², which falls into the **overweight** category (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m²). **Obesity** (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) and overweight status are significant and modifiable risk factors for **insulin resistance** and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Excess body fat, particularly **visceral fat**, leads to increased free fatty acid release and inflammation, impairing insulin signaling in target tissues.
*Menopause*
- While menopause can lead to changes in **body fat distribution** and increase the risk of metabolic syndrome components, it is not as strong a direct risk factor for type 2 diabetes as BMI.
- The hormonal shifts during menopause may contribute to **insulin resistance** but do not independently confer as high a risk as overweight or obesity.
*Occupation*
- The patient's occupation as a **software engineer** and frequent travel may contribute to a sedentary lifestyle, which is an indirect risk factor for obesity and diabetes. However, occupation itself is not a direct or primary biological risk factor.
- A sedentary lifestyle decreases **metabolic demand** and can lead to weight gain if not balanced with regular physical activity.
*Age*
- **Advancing age** is a known risk factor for type 2 diabetes due to a gradual decline in pancreatic beta-cell function and increased insulin resistance over time.
- While the patient's age (55) is a risk factor, her elevated **BMI** represents a more immediate and modifiable risk for developing the disease.
*Hypertension*
- **Hypertension** is often a comorbidity of type 2 diabetes and part of the **metabolic syndrome**, but it is generally considered a consequence or co-existing condition rather than the primary risk factor for the development of diabetes itself.
- Both hypertension and type 2 diabetes share common pathophysiological mechanisms such as **insulin resistance** and inflammation.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 9: A 12-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of difficulty in walking for 5 months. His mother reports that he has trouble keeping his balance and walking without support. Over the past year, he has started to have difficulty seeing in the dark and his hearing has been impaired. Examination shows marked scaling of the skin on the face and feet and a shortened 4th toe. Muscle strength is 3/5 in the lower extremities and 4/5 in the upper extremities. Sensation to pinprick is symmetrically decreased over the legs. Fundoscopy shows peripheral pigment deposits and retinal atrophy. His serum phytanic acid concentration is markedly elevated. The patient's condition is most likely caused by a defect in which of the following cellular structures?
- A. Proteasomes
- B. Peroxisomes (Correct Answer)
- C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- D. Mitochondria
- E. Myofilaments
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***Peroxisomes***
- The constellation of symptoms including **difficulty walking and maintaining balance**, **impaired night vision and hearing**, **scaling skin**, **distal muscle weakness**, **ataxia**, **peripheral neuropathy**, **pigmentary retinopathy**, and **markedly elevated serum phytanic acid** is characteristic of **Refsum disease**.
- **Refsum disease** is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in **peroxisomal alpha-oxidation** (specifically phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase deficiency), leading to the accumulation of phytanic acid in tissues.
- Phytanic acid is a branched-chain fatty acid derived from dietary sources (dairy products, ruminant fats) that cannot undergo beta-oxidation and requires alpha-oxidation in peroxisomes.
*Proteasomes*
- **Proteasomes** are responsible for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, important for cellular protein homeostasis.
- Defects in proteasomes are associated with various conditions like **neurodegenerative diseases** (e.g., Parkinson's), but not with the specific symptoms of phytanic acid accumulation.
*Smooth endoplasmic reticulum*
- The **smooth endoplasmic reticulum** is involved in **lipid synthesis**, detoxification, and calcium storage.
- While lipid metabolism is affected in Refsum disease, the primary defect is in the degradation of branched-chain fatty acids like phytanic acid, which occurs in **peroxisomes**, not the smooth ER.
*Mitochondria*
- **Mitochondria** are the primary sites of **ATP production** through oxidative phosphorylation and are involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation.
- While some metabolic disorders affect mitochondria, **phytanic acid accumulation** specifically points to a peroxisomal defect because phytanic acid cannot undergo beta-oxidation due to its 3-methyl branch and requires alpha-oxidation, which is a peroxisomal process.
*Myofilaments*
- **Myofilaments** (actin and myosin) are the contractile proteins within muscle cells.
- While muscle weakness is a symptom, the underlying cause is not a primary defect in myofilaments themselves, but rather the **neurological and systemic effects** of phytanic acid accumulation affecting peripheral nerves and muscle innervation.
Brown vs. white adipose tissue US Medical PG Question 10: A patient came to the hospital with severe abdominal pain, and lipase levels were elevated. On imaging, a stone is found in the common bile duct (CBD). Which enzyme is most likely elevated in this condition?
- A. ALT
- B. GGT
- C. LDH
- D. AST
- E. ALP (Correct Answer)
Brown vs. white adipose tissue Explanation: ***ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)***
- **ALP** is the **most characteristic enzyme elevation** in **biliary obstruction** from a CBD stone.
- ALP is found in high concentrations in the **bile duct epithelium** and hepatocytes adjacent to bile ducts, and rises dramatically with **cholestasis** and **obstructive jaundice**.
- In CBD stone obstruction, ALP typically rises **3-10 times normal**, making it the hallmark biochemical marker of this condition.
- While lipase is elevated due to associated pancreatitis, **ALP elevation specifically indicates the biliary obstruction**.
*GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase)*
- **GGT** is also elevated in **cholestasis** and **bile duct obstruction**.
- GGT often rises in parallel with ALP and helps confirm the hepatobiliary origin of ALP elevation (vs. bone source).
- However, **ALP is more specific** and typically shows greater magnitude of elevation in acute CBD obstruction, making it the **most likely** elevated enzyme in this clinical context.
*ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)*
- **ALT** may be **mildly to moderately elevated** if there is secondary hepatocellular injury from biliary obstruction.
- However, ALT primarily indicates **hepatocyte damage** rather than cholestasis, and its elevation is typically **less pronounced** than ALP in obstructive biliary disease.
- The pattern in CBD obstruction is **cholestatic** (high ALP) rather than **hepatocellular** (high ALT).
*AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)*
- **AST** can be elevated in various conditions including liver, heart, and muscle damage.
- Like ALT, it may show mild elevation in biliary obstruction but is **not the primary marker**.
- AST is less specific than ALP for diagnosing CBD stone obstruction.
*LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)*
- **LDH** is a **non-specific marker** of tissue damage found in multiple organs.
- While it may be elevated, it provides little diagnostic value when specific markers like **ALP and lipase** are available.
- LDH does not help differentiate biliary obstruction from other causes of abdominal pain.
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