Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Conflict of interest management. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 1: A 76-year-old man is brought to the hospital after having a stroke. Head CT is done in the emergency department and shows intracranial hemorrhage. Upon arrival to the ED he is verbally non-responsive and withdraws only to pain. He does not open his eyes. He is transferred to the medical ICU for further management and intubated for airway protection. During his second day in the ICU, his blood pressure is measured as 91/54 mmHg and pulse is 120/min. He is given fluids and antibiotics, but he progresses to renal failure and his mental status deteriorates. The physicians in the ICU ask the patient’s family what his wishes are for end-of-life care. His wife tells the team that she is durable power of attorney for the patient and provides appropriate documentation. She mentions that he did not have a living will, but she believes that he would want care withdrawn in this situation, and therefore asks the team to withdraw care at this point. The patient’s daughter vehemently disagrees and believes it is in the best interest of her father, the patient, to continue all care. Based on this information, what is the best course of action for the physician team?
- A. Call other family members and consult them for their opinions
- B. Listen to the patient’s daughter’s wishes and continue all care
- C. Compromise between the wife and daughter and withdraw the fluids and antibiotics but keep the patient intubated
- D. Listen to the patient’s wife’s wishes and withdraw care (Correct Answer)
- E. Consult the hospital ethics committee and continue all care until a decision is reached
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***Listen to the patient’s wife’s wishes and withdraw care***
- The **durable power of attorney for healthcare** legally designates the wife as the patient's surrogate decision-maker when the patient lacks capacity, overriding other family opinions.
- In the absence of a living will, the **surrogate's interpretation of the patient's best interests** and previously expressed wishes is legally and ethically binding.
*Call other family members and consult them for their opinions*
- While involving family is good practice in general, the presence of a **legally appointed durable power of attorney** means that other family members' opinions do not supersede the designated surrogate's decisions.
- Consulting other family members could **create more conflict and delay** crucial decisions, as the wife holds the legal authority.
*Listen to the patient’s daughter’s wishes and continue all care*
- The daughter's wishes, while understandable, **do not hold legal authority** over the decisions of the legally appointed durable power of attorney.
- Disregarding the wife's authority would be a **breach of ethical and legal obligations** in patient care.
*Compromise between the wife and daughter and withdraw the fluids and antibiotics but keep the patient intubated*
- A compromise that goes against the legal surrogate's explicitly stated decision (to withdraw all care) is **ethically problematic and legally unsound**.
- Healthcare decisions should be based on the patient's best interest as interpreted by the **authorized surrogate**, not on attempting to please all family members.
*Consult the hospital ethics committee and continue all care until a decision is reached*
- While an ethics committee consult is appropriate if there's **disagreement over the interpretation of the patient's wishes** *among legally designated surrogates* or concerns about the surrogate's decision-making capacity, it's not the first step when a clear legal surrogate with documentation is present and makes a decision.
- Continuing all care against the wishes of the **legal proxy** would be contrary to patient autonomy and the principles of substituted judgment.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 2: A 68-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination, accompanied by his daughter. Two years ago, he was diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, for which he underwent radiation therapy. He moved to the area 1 month ago to be closer to his daughter but continues to live independently. He was recently diagnosed with osteoblastic metastases to the spine and is scheduled to initiate therapy next week. In private, the patient’s daughter says that he has been losing weight and wetting the bed, and she tearfully asks the physician if his prostate cancer has returned. She says that her father has not spoken with her about his health recently. The patient has previously expressed to the physician that he does not want his family members to know about his condition because they “would worry too much.” Which of the following initial statements by the physician is most appropriate?
- A. “As your father's physician, I think that it's important that you know that his prostate cancer has returned. However, we are confident that he will respond well to treatment.”
- B. “I'm sorry, I can't discuss any information with you without his permission. I recommend that you have an open discussion with your father.” (Correct Answer)
- C. “It concerns me that he's not speaking openly with you. I recommend that you seek medical power of attorney for your father. Then, we can legally discuss his diagnosis and treatment options together.”
- D. “It’s difficult to deal with parents aging, but I have experience helping families cope. We should sit down with your father and discuss this situation together.”
- E. “Your father is very ill and may not want you to know the details. I can imagine it's frustrating for you, but you have to respect his discretion.”
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***“I'm sorry, I can't discuss any information with you without his permission. I recommend that you have an open discussion with your father.”***
- This statement upholds **patient confidentiality** and **autonomy**, as the patient explicitly stated he did not want his family to know about his condition.
- It encourages communication between the patient and his daughter, which is the most appropriate way for her to learn about his health status.
*“As your father's physician, I think that it's important that you know that his prostate cancer has returned. However, we are confident that he will respond well to treatment.”*
- This violates the patient's **confidentiality** and explicit wish to keep his medical information private from his family.
- Sharing medical information without explicit consent, even with family, is a breach of ethical and legal guidelines (e.g., **HIPAA** in the United States).
*“It concerns me that he's not speaking openly with you. I recommend that you seek medical power of attorney for your father. Then, we can legally discuss his diagnosis and treatment options together.”*
- While seeking medical power of attorney is an option for future decision-making, it is **premature and inappropriate** to suggest it solely to bypass the patient's current desire for confidentiality, especially when he is still competent to make his own decisions.
- This suggestion could undermine the patient's autonomy and trust in his physician.
*“It’s difficult to deal with parents aging, but I have experience helping families cope. We should sit down with your father and discuss this situation together.”*
- This statement, while empathetic, still risks undermining the patient's **autonomy** by pushing for a joint discussion against his explicit wishes to keep his family unaware.
- The physician's primary obligation is to the patient's stated preferences regarding his medical information.
*“Your father is very ill and may not want you to know the details. I can imagine it's frustrating for you, but you have to respect his discretion.”*
- While this statement acknowledges the daughter's feelings and respects the patient's discretion, it uses a somewhat **judgmental tone** ("very ill") and the phrasing "you have to respect his discretion" can come across as abrupt or dismissive rather than purely informative or guiding.
- The most appropriate initial response should focus on the **physician's inability to share information** due to confidentiality rather than attributing motives to the patient's decision or explicitly telling the daughter how to feel.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 3: A 42-year-old woman presents to the physician with symptoms of vague abdominal pain and bloating for several months. Test results indicate that she has ovarian cancer. Her physician attempts to reach her by phone multiple times but cannot reach her. Next of kin numbers are in her chart. According to HIPAA regulations, who should be the primary person the doctor discusses this information with?
- A. The patient's brother
- B. The patient's husband
- C. The patient's daughter
- D. All of the options
- E. The patient (Correct Answer)
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***The patient***
- Under **HIPAA**, the patient has the **right to privacy** regarding their protected health information (PHI). Therefore, the physician must make all reasonable attempts to contact the patient directly to convey their diagnosis.
- Sharing sensitive medical information like a cancer diagnosis with anyone other than the patient, without their explicit consent, would be a **violation of HIPAA regulations**.
*The patient's brother*
- The patient's brother is not automatically authorized to receive her medical information, even if listed as **next of kin**, without the patient's explicit consent or a documented **healthcare power of attorney**.
- Discussing the diagnosis with the brother without the patient's direct consent would be a **breach of patient confidentiality**.
*The patient's husband*
- Even a spouse does not automatically have the right to access a patient's **PHI** without the patient's express permission, according to **HIPAA**.
- While often a trusted contact, without explicit consent, revealing the diagnosis to the husband would still violate the patient's **privacy rights**.
*The patient's daughter*
- Similar to other family members, the patient's daughter is not legally entitled to receive her mother's confidential medical information without explicit authorization or a medical **power of attorney**.
- The physician's primary responsibility is to the patient herself, ensuring her **privacy** is maintained.
*All of the options*
- According to **HIPAA**, sharing the patient's diagnosis with any family member without her explicit consent would be a **breach of confidentiality**.
- This option incorrectly assumes that **next of kin** automatically have the right to receive sensitive medical information.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 4: A 68-year-old man is being evaluated in your radiation oncology clinic for treatment of a solid tumor. Your hospital has just purchased a new proton beam purported to deliver targeted radiation with fewer side effects than traditional radiation therapy. The patient expresses strong interest in receiving proton beam therapy, and you feel that he may have a better outcome with this new treatment modality. Later that day, an executive from the patient's insurance company calls to tell you that proton beam therapy will cost the company (but not the patient) a much larger amount of money than traditional therapy. They are willing to pay for proton beam therapy, but request that you convince the patient to undergo traditional therapy instead. You have a longstanding relationship with this insurance company as well as this particular executive. How should you proceed?
- A. Tell the patient that proton beam therapy will not be covered by his insurance company, so you will need to proceed with traditional radiation therapy
- B. Discuss the issue of cost to the insurer with your patient, relaying the company's request to him without making further commentary or recommendation
- C. Call your hospital's ethics committee for a formal consultation
- D. Proceed with proton beam therapy as discussed at your patient's appointment (Correct Answer)
- E. Discuss the issue of cost to the insurer with your patient, pointing out that keeping his insurance company happy may make them more likely to cover additional treatments in the future
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***Proceed with proton beam therapy as discussed at your patient's appointment***
- The physician's primary **fiduciary duty** is to the patient's best interest, not the insurance company's financial concerns or their own relationship with the company.
- The patient has expressed interest, and the physician believes proton beam therapy offers a **better outcome with fewer side effects**, which constitutes optimal medical care in this scenario.
*Tell the patient that proton beam therapy will not be covered by his insurance company, so you will need to proceed with traditional radiation therapy*
- This is a deceptive act, as the insurance company has stated they **are willing to pay** for proton beam therapy.
- Misleading the patient about coverage status to benefit an insurance company is a breach of **medical ethics** and the physician's duty to the patient.
*Discuss the issue of cost to the insurer with your patient, relaying the company's request to him without making further commentary or recommendation*
- While seemingly transparent, introducing the insurance company's financial request to the patient can create **undue pressure** and influence their medical decisions based on external factors rather than their health needs.
- This can undermine the **trust** in the physician-patient relationship by involving the patient in the financial negotiations of third parties.
*Call your hospital's ethics committee for a formal consultation*
- While seeking ethical advice is generally good practice, the ethical obligation to prioritize the patient's best interest is **clear and immediate** in this situation.
- Delaying treatment or involving a committee for a scenario where the physician already believes a specific treatment is superior and available could unnecessarily **complicate the process** for the patient.
*Discuss the issue of cost to the insurer with your patient, pointing out that keeping his insurance company happy may make them more likely to cover additional treatments in the future*
- This suggestion subtly pressures the patient to choose a less optimal treatment based on future hypothetical benefits to the insurance company, which is a clear **conflict of interest**.
- It prioritizes the financial interests of the insurer and the physician's relationship with them over the patient's immediate medical needs and reinforces the concept of **undue influence**.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 5: An 83-year-old man presents to the gastroenterologist to follow-up on results from a biopsy of a pancreatic head mass, which the clinician was concerned could be pancreatic cancer. After welcoming the patient and his wife to the clinic, the physician begins to discuss the testing and leads into delivering the results, which showed metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Before she is able to disclose these findings, the patient stops her and exclaims, "Whatever it is, I don't want to know. Please just make me comfortable in my last months alive. I have made up my mind about this." Which of the following is the most appropriate response on the part of the physician?
- A. "If that is your definite wish, then I must honor it" (Correct Answer)
- B. "The cancer has spread to your liver"
- C. "As a physician, I am obligated to disclose these results to you"
- D. "If you don't know what condition you have, I will be unable to be your physician going forward"
- E. "Please, sir, I strongly urge you to reconsider your decision"
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***"If that is your definite wish, then I must honor it"***
- This response respects the patient's **autonomy** and right to refuse information, aligning with ethical principles of patient-centered care.
- The patient has clearly and articulately stated his desire not to know and wishes for **palliative care**, which the physician should respect.
- The patient appears to have **decision-making capacity** based on his clear communication of wishes.
*"The cancer has spread to your liver"*
- This statement violates the patient's explicit request not to be informed of his diagnosis, potentially causing distress and undermining trust.
- Disclosure of information against a patient's wishes is unethical when the patient has **decision-making capacity** and has clearly refused information.
*"As a physician, I am obligated to disclose these results to you"*
- While physicians have a general duty to inform, this is superseded by a **competent patient's right to refuse information**.
- No absolute obligation exists to force information upon a patient who explicitly states a desire not to know, especially when it concerns their own health information.
*"If you don't know what condition you have, I will be unable to be your physician going forward"*
- This response is coercive and threatening, attempting to strong-arm the patient into accepting information he has refused.
- A physician's role includes managing symptoms and providing comfort, even if the patient chooses not to know the full diagnostic details of their condition, particularly in a **palliative care** context.
- This statement could constitute **patient abandonment**, which is unethical.
*"Please, sir, I strongly urge you to reconsider your decision"*
- While it's acceptable to ensure the patient fully understands the implications of their decision, a forceful "urge to reconsider" after a clear refusal can be seen as undermining their **autonomy**.
- The physician should confirm the patient's understanding and offer an opportunity to discuss it later if desired, rather than immediately pressuring them.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 6: A 45-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his friends because of a 1-hour history of shortness of breath and squeezing chest pain. They were at a party where cocaine was consumed. A diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction is made. The physician stabilizes the patient and transfers him to the inpatient unit. Six hours later, his wife arrives at the emergency department and requests information about her husband's condition. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the physician?
- A. Ask the wife for a marriage certificate
- B. Inform the wife about her husband's condition
- C. Consult the hospital ethics committee
- D. Obtain authorization from the patient to release information (Correct Answer)
- E. Request the patient's durable power of attorney document
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***Obtain authorization from the patient to release information***
- Under **HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)**, patient information is confidential and cannot be shared without their express consent, even with close family members like a spouse, once the patient is **conscious and able to make decisions**.
- The patient, being stabilized, is likely **competent** to authorize the release of his medical information to his wife, ensuring his **autonomy** and privacy are respected.
*Ask the wife for a marriage certificate*
- A marriage certificate does not automatically grant access to a spouse's medical information if the patient is **competent** and has not provided consent.
- Requesting such documentation is generally **not standard practice** and does not supersede the need for patient authorization under HIPAA.
*Inform the wife about her husband's condition*
- Releasing medical information without the patient's explicit consent would be a direct **violation of patient confidentiality** and **HIPAA regulations**, even if the individual is a spouse.
- Although well-intentioned, this action could have legal and ethical repercussions for the physician and the hospital.
*Consult the hospital ethics committee*
- While ethics committees handle complex ethical dilemmas, this situation is a straightforward matter of **patient confidentiality** and **HIPAA compliance**.
- The direct course of action is to seek patient authorization, rather than escalating to an ethics committee for a clearly defined privacy issue.
*Request the patient's durable power of attorney document*
- A **durable power of attorney (DPOA)** for healthcare is only activated when a patient is **incapacitated** and unable to make decisions for themselves.
- Since the patient is stabilized and presumably competent to make decisions about his care, a DPOA is not relevant at this time.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 7: A 25-year-old man comes to the physician for severe back pain. He describes the pain as shooting and stabbing. On a 10-point scale, he rates the pain as a 9 to 10. The pain started after he lifted a heavy box at work; he works at a supermarket and recently switched from being a cashier to a storekeeper. The patient appears to be in severe distress. Vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, the spine is nontender without paravertebral muscle spasms. Range of motion is normal. A straight-leg raise test is negative. After the physical examination has been completed, the patient asks for a letter to his employer attesting to his inability to work as a storekeeper. Which of the following is the most appropriate response?
- A. “Yes. Since work may worsen your condition, I would prefer that you stay home a few days. I will write a letter to your employer to explain the situation.”
- B. You say you are in severe pain. However, the physical examination findings do not suggest a physical problem that can be addressed with medications or surgery. I'd like to meet on a regular basis to see how you're doing.
- C. I understand that you are uncomfortable, but the findings do not match the severity of your symptoms. Let's talk about the recent changes at your job. (Correct Answer)
- D. The physical exam findings do not match your symptoms, which suggests a psychological problem. I would be happy to refer you to a mental health professional.
- E. The physical exam findings suggest a psychological rather than a physical problem. But there is a good chance that we can address it with cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***"I understand that you are uncomfortable, but the findings do not match the severity of your symptoms. Let's talk about the recent changes at your job."***
- This response acknowledges the patient's reported discomfort while gently highlighting the **discrepancy between symptoms and objective findings**, which is crucial in cases of suspected **somatoform or functional pain**.
- It also opens communication about potential **psychosocial stressors** related to his job change, which could be contributing to his symptoms, without dismissing his pain or making a premature diagnosis.
*"You say you are in severe pain. However, the physical examination findings do not suggest a physical problem that can be addressed with medications or surgery. I'd like to meet on a regular basis to see how you're doing."*
- While this option correctly identifies the lack of physical findings, it can be perceived as dismissive of the patient's pain, potentially damaging the **physician-patient relationship**.
- Suggesting regular meetings without a clear plan for addressing his immediate concerns or exploring underlying issues might not be the most effective initial approach.
*“Yes. Since work may worsen your condition, I would prefer that you stay home a few days. I will write a letter to your employer to explain the situation.”*
- This response would **validate the patient's claim of severe pain** without objective evidence, potentially reinforcing illness behavior and avoiding addressing the underlying issue.
- Providing a doctor's note for inability to work without a clear diagnostic basis or understanding of the pain's origin is **medically inappropriate** and could set a precedent for future such requests.
*"The physical exam findings do not match your symptoms, which suggests a psychological problem. I would be happy to refer you to a mental health professional."*
- Directly labeling the problem as "psychological" can be **stigmatizing and alienating** to the patient, leading to distrust and resistance to care.
- While a psychological component might be present, immediately referring to mental health without further exploration of the patient's situation or current stressors is premature and lacks empathy.
*"The physical exam findings suggest a psychological rather than a physical problem. But there is a good chance that we can address it with cognitive-behavioral therapy."*
- Similar to the previous option, explicitly stating a "psychological problem" can be **stigmatizing**.
- Jumping directly to recommending **cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)** without a comprehensive discussion and patient buy-in is premature and may lead to non-compliance.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 8: A 15-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother for an annual well-child examination. Her mother complains that the patient has a poor diet and spends most of the evening at home texting her friends instead of doing homework. She has been caught smoking cigarettes in the school bathroom several times and appears indifferent to the dean's threats of suspension. Two weeks ago, the patient allowed a friend to pierce her ears with unsterilized safety pins. The mother appeals to the physician to lecture the patient about her behavior and “set her straight.” The patient appears aloof and does not make eye contact. Her grooming is poor. Upon questioning the daughter about her mood, the mother responds “She acts like a rebel. I can't wait until puberty is over.” Which of the following is the most appropriate response?
- A. You should listen to your mother's concerns. You don't want to make poor choices early on or else you might end up on the streets.
- B. Would it be possible for you to step out for a few moments so that I can interview your daughter alone? (Correct Answer)
- C. Let's run a routine urine toxicology screen to make sure your daughter is not doing drugs.
- D. I am very concerned that your daughter is displaying signs of depression, and I'd suggest that she is seen by a psychiatrist.
- E. Your daughter displays normal signs of puberty. Being overly critical of your daughter is not helpful.
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***"Would it be possible for you to step out for a few moments so that I can interview your daughter alone?"***
- This approach respects the adolescent's **autonomy** and provides a safe space for her to disclose sensitive information without parental presence.
- Adolescents are more likely to be **candid** about risky behaviors like smoking, substance use, or sexual activity if they feel their privacy is protected.
*"You should listen to your mother's concerns. You don't want to make poor choices early on or else you might end up on the streets."*
- This response is **confrontational** and judgmental, which is likely to alienate the patient and shut down communication.
- It also uses **fear tactics** rather than fostering trust and a therapeutic relationship.
*"Let's run a routine urine toxicology screen to make sure your daughter is not doing drugs."*
- While drug use is a concern given her risky behaviors, immediately suggesting a **toxicology screen** without building rapport can feel accusatory and escalate distrust.
- It's often more effective to establish communication first before moving to definitive testing, especially in a well-child visit where drug use has not been directly admitted.
*"I am very concerned that your daughter is displaying signs of depression, and I'd suggest that she is seen by a psychiatrist."*
- While some of the patient's behaviors (poor grooming, aloofness, indifference) could be consistent with **depression**, immediately jumping to a diagnosis and referral without a direct interview is premature.
- It can also be perceived as labeling and might be rejected by the patient and mother without further exploration.
*"Your daughter displays normal signs of puberty. Being overly critical of your daughter is not helpful."*
- This response dismisses the mother's valid concerns about genuinely **risky behaviors** (smoking, unsterilized piercing, indifference to consequences) as "normal puberty."
- It also implicitly criticizes the mother, which can damage the therapeutic alliance with both the parent and the patient.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 9: A 78-year-old woman comes to her family physician for an annual health maintenance examination. Her husband, who worked as an art collector and curator, recently passed away. To express her gratitude for the longstanding medical care of her husband, she offers the physician and his staff a framed painting from her husband's art collection. Which of the following is the most appropriate reaction by the physician?
- A. Politely decline and explain that he cannot accept gifts that belonged to her late husband.
- B. Politely decline and explain that he cannot accept valuable gifts from his patients. (Correct Answer)
- C. Accept the gift to maintain a positive patient-physician relationship but decline any further gifts.
- D. Accept the gift and assure the patient that he will take good care of her.
- E. Accept the gift and donate the painting to a local museum.
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***Politely decline and explain that he cannot accept valuable gifts from his patients.***
- Physicians should generally **decline valuable gifts** from patients to avoid the appearance of undue influence, conflicts of interest, or compromising the **professional patient-physician relationship**.
- Accepting valuable gifts can create a sense of obligation, potentially affecting medical judgment or leading to expectations of preferential treatment.
*Politely decline and explain that he cannot accept gifts that belonged to her late husband.*
- While refusing gifts from a deceased patient's estate might seem appropriate for some, the primary ethical concern here is the **value of the gift itself** and its potential impact on the physician-patient dynamic.
- The ownership history of the gift is secondary to the ethical principles guiding gift-giving in medicine.
*Accept the gift to maintain a positive patient-physician relationship but decline any further gifts.*
- Accepting a valuable gift, even with the intention of declining future ones, can still set a problematic precedent and create a **sense of obligation** which may undermine **professional boundaries**.
- A positive patient-physician relationship should be built on trust and excellent care, not on accepting valuable material offerings.
*Accept the gift and assure the patient that he will take good care of her.*
- Accepting a valuable gift and then assuring good care can be perceived as an **exchange of services for a gift**, which is ethically problematic and can lead to a significant **conflict of interest**.
- It blurs the lines between professional medical care and personal favors dependent on material offerings.
*Accept the gift and donate the painting to a local museum.*
- Even if the physician intends to donate the gift, the initial act of **accepting a valuable item** from a patient still carries the ethical risks of creating **perceived obligations** and blurring professional boundaries.
- The patient's intention is to give the gift to the physician, and how the physician then disposes of it does not mitigate the initial ethical concern.
Conflict of interest management US Medical PG Question 10: A 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because she is worried about his behavior. Yesterday, he was expelled from school for repeatedly skipping classes. Over the past 2 months, he was suspended 3 times for bullying and aggressive behavior towards his peers and teachers. Once, his neighbor found him smoking cigarettes in his backyard. In the past, he consistently maintained an A grade average and had been a regular attendee of youth group events at their local church. The mother first noticed this change in behavior 3 months ago, around the time at which his father moved out after discovering his wife was having an affair. Which of the following defense mechanisms best describes the change in this patient's behavior?
- A. Projection
- B. Passive aggression
- C. Regression
- D. Suppression
- E. Acting out (Correct Answer)
Conflict of interest management Explanation: ***Acting out***
- This defense mechanism involves **engaging in destructive or inappropriate behaviors** to cope with emotional distress, often
**unconsciously** expressing unmet needs or feelings.
- The patient's sudden and significant shift from a well-behaved, high-achieving student to one who skips classes, engages in bullying, and smokes cigarettes can be seen as an expression of his emotional turmoil following his parents' separation.
*Projection*
- **Projection** is an attributional defense mechanism in which a person **attributes their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to
another person**.
- While the patient is exhibiting negative behaviors, he is not explicitly attributing his own internal conflicts or feelings onto others; rather, he is demonstrating them through his actions.
*Passive aggression*
- **Passive aggression** is characterized by expressing negative feelings indirectly, often through **procrastination, stubbornness, or
inefficiency**, rather than direct confrontation.
- The patient's behaviors, such as bullying and skipping classes, are more overt and direct expressions of anger and distress, not indirect resistance.
*Regression*
- **Regression** involves reverting to **earlier, less mature behaviors or coping mechanisms** in response to stress.
- While some of his behaviors could be seen as less mature, the primary mechanism at play here is the direct, behavioral expression of conflict, rather than a return to an earlier developmental stage of coping, such as thumb-sucking or bed-wetting.
*Suppression*
- **Suppression** is a **conscious, deliberate effort to push unwanted thoughts or feelings out of awareness**.
- The patient's behaviors are likely an unconscious or preconscious response to his distress; he is not actively trying to forget or ignore his problems but rather demonstrating his distress through his actions.
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