Parol evidence rule Bar Exam Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Parol evidence rule with Oncourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Parol evidence rule Flashcard Deck - 8 Cards
Flashcard 1: When is a contract or writing considered integrated for purposes of the parol evidence rule?
Answer: A writing is integrated if the parties intended it as a final expression of at least some contract terms. It may be partially integrated or completely integrated, depending on whether the parties intended it as the complete and exclusive statement of their agreement.
Flashcard 2: What does the parol evidence rule prohibit, and what evidence does it permit?
Answer: It bars evidence of prior or contemporaneous agreements that would vary or contradict the terms of an integrated writing; with a completely integrated writing, it also bars consistent additional terms. It permits subsequent agreements and evidence offered to interpret, explain, or establish defenses such as fraud, mistake, or duress.
Flashcard 3: Under the parol evidence rule, what is the consequence of a complete integration for evidence of a prior or contemporaneous agreement that proposes a consistent additional term?
Answer: Evidence of a prior or contemporaneous agreement proposing a consistent additional term is barred by the parol evidence rule if the writing is a complete integration. A complete integration is intended to be both final and complete, excluding even consistent supplements.
Flashcard 4: Northstar and Mill contract for flour. The contract is silent on payment. Prior sales show Northstar paid Mill within 10 days. Under the current contract, Northstar paid 45 days after the first two deliveries, and Mill accepted without objection. Local trade usage is 30 days. What is the likely payment term?
Answer: The accepted 45-day payments under the current contract establish a course of performance. Under UCC 1-303, course of performance (45 days) prevails over course of dealing (10 days from prior sales) and usage of trade (30 days). Thus, the payment term is likely 45 days. If no contextual source applied, UCC 2-310(a) would make payment due upon receipt of goods.
Flashcard 5: Under common law, if two reasonable meanings for a contract term remain after applying all other interpretive rules, how is the ambiguity resolved before resorting to construing against the drafter?
Answer: If the parties attached different meanings, the meaning of the party who did not know or have reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other party, and the other party knew or had reason to know the meaning attached by the first party, controls (Restatement § 201). If neither party knew or had reason to know of the other's meaning, or both knew, then there is no contract on that term.
Flashcard 6: How does the UCC determine the meaning of an ambiguous or open contract term?
Answer: The UCC gives effect to the parties’ agreement and commercial context, including course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade, and supplies reasonable gap-fillers when needed. The parties’ obligation of good faith limits interpretation and performance.
Flashcard 7: What UCC rules govern the hierarchy of contract terms, course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade?
Answer: Express terms control inconsistent course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade; course of performance controls inconsistent course of dealing and usage of trade; and course of dealing generally controls inconsistent usage of trade. Consistent additional terms may supplement the express contract.
Flashcard 8: What happens when a contract omits a term that is necessary to determine the parties’ rights and duties?
Answer: A court may supply a reasonable term consistent with the parties’ agreement and the circumstances. Under the UCC, gap fillers commonly address price, time, place of delivery, and payment, while the parties must still act in good faith.
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